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Accursed

The Untold story of Soviet attrocities in Poland

The year was 1939. Tensions between Germany and what would become the Allied Forces were at an all-time high. Even after the Anschluss of Austria and the annexation of Czechoslovakia, war seemed inevitable. For a nation such as Poland, the straits were dire. The Nazi regime was hellbent on conquering the country, and to make matters worse they weren't the only ones eyeing up the Poles' fertile farmland. An old enemy to east, eager to reclaim the territory once owned by the former Russian empire for much of the 19th century and set on revenge after being humiliated at the Battle of Warsaw, had just struck a deal with the Third Reich and were no doubt making plans for a joint invasion. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-aggression Pact sealed Poland's fate, and with it, the fate of Europe for the next 6 years. On September 1st, German forces invaded and 16 days later Soviet forces followed. Britain and other countries openly condemned the attack and vowed to send aid (an ultimately toothless threat), thus formally starting the Second World War. What happened next is well known. The systematic killing of Jews and political prisoners both in extermination camps and mass executions on an unprecedented scale by the Nazi occupiers is documented in detail. However, similar atrocities against the Polish people were committed by the Soviet Union; atrocities that have gone unpunished and are still shrouded in mystery nearly 75 years later. Due to internal politics, cover-ups, lies, scandals, betrayals, fears, and outright incompetence, the CCCP was not only able to carry out a genocide, but was never attempted to be stopped nor punished for what their actions. The blatant disregard for justice apparent here calls into question the very foundation if the Nuremburg trials and, more broadly, the U.N.'s ability to dispense judgement as a whole. 

"They were murdered, only because they were Polish" 

-Doomed Soldiers Website header

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Map of Katyn, featuring the P.O.W. camps of the USSR

There has been much debate as to whether the actions of the Red Army were considered a genocide or not. Most would agree that a genocide must be determined by 2 factors: mass murder/displacement/interment of a people and racial/ethnic motivation. Both of these are easily provable given the complex history between Poland and Russia, both in its monarchical and communist forms. Nowhere is this clearer than in the Katyn massacre. Katyn, quiet forest some 20 kilometers from the city of Smolensk in the modern day Russian Federation, was the scene of a massacre of Polish officers at the hands of the NVKD (Soviet secret police). It was discovered by the advancing Wehrmacht in 1943 and used by Joseph Gobbels to help justify the invasion of the USSR. Nowadays, the Katyn Massacre refers to a large number of extra-judicial killings in and around the forest that took place between 1939 and 1941 (Sterio, 2012, pg. 617). 

The reasoning behind most of these murders was simple: control. These men were mostly members of the Polish Home Army (an underground organization loyal to the Government-in-exile), high ranking Polish Government officials, or simply known patriotic Poles. In order to prop up the Marxist puppet government, these people were deemed "threats" had to be eliminated en masse. Szonert-Binienda, founder of the Libra institute and longtime advocate for Polish-American relations said"By destroying significant and influential members of the Polish national group, the Soviet Union irrevocably compromised the ability of the remaining part of this protected group to survive. Therefore, the Soviet Union acted with specific intent to destroy the 'whole' Polish national group on the Polish territory incorporated to the Soviet Union," (2012, pg 680) thus proving intent needed to constitute a genocide.    

"Hellbent on a dominion in Eastern Europe"-Irina Mukhina 

CNN documentary on the Warsaw Uprising

With the launch of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the Soviet Union reluctantly joined Britain, France, and The United States to form what is now known as the "Allies". Technically, this meant that the USSR was now allied with Poland, but this did not stop Stalin's genocidal policies towards the Poles. The true intention of the Communist regime reared its ugly head again during the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. Organized by the Government in exile and carried out by members of the Home Army, the Uprising was supposed to only last a few days before the Red Army reached the city, thereby finally liberating it from 5 years of Nazi occupation.

In fact, Soviet Marshal Rokossovsky’s armies had advanced to a mere 9 miles from the city the day the Uprising began and were on pace to reach the city by August 3, 1944, but all Russian advancement was halted abruptly. Stabbed in the back yet again, nearly 200,000 Poles would pay the ultimate toll for this treachery by the end of the Uprising on October 3. Irina Mukhina (2006, pg 400) said it best: "[T]he failure of the Warsaw Uprising became a symbol of the Soviet Union’s determination to turn Central Europe into its sphere of influence, even if Soviet domination came at the price of thousands of lives." The CCCP cared not for the Poles themselves, only their land. This revelation would create the foundation of mistrust of the communist government in post-war Poland.     

There are many tragic stories of heroism throughout the war in Poland, but the story of Witold Pilecki stands out. Before, during, and after the WW2, Pilecki was a patriot for his country. A cavalryman, he purposefully interned himself in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp and gathered information on the war-crimes of the Nazis, then successfully escaped to rejoin the Home Army. His expertise was critical in the execution of the Warsaw Uprising, but he had to slip back into the shadows after the failure of that operation.

Inmate 4859 Fan-made music video

That should have been the end of it for Wiltold, but his heroics put him on top of Stalin's death list. Swedish Power Metal band Sabaton captures the scene of his execution at the hands of a kangaroo court in the bridge of their song Inmate 4859 (the title itself a reference to Witold's prisoner number during his stint in the concentration camp): "Sent to the prison where the heroes are judged as traitors; Accused of treason by his own; Sentenced by countrymen under pressure of foreign influence; Men he once fought to free."  (Joakim Brodén, 2014, Heroes, Inmate 4859) By turning former friends against each other and hunting down war heroes to demoralize the already battered and broken populace, the Soviets continued their reign of terror long after the war, and ultimately achieved their goal of the conquest of Europe. But try as they might, Stalin could never fully conquer the will of the Polish people.  When interviewed about his time serving in the polish underground, Andrzej Kiszka, a man who lived through the war and evaded communist imprisonment by hiding in the woods until 1961, said, "For [Poland], we were dying, we were tortured, we were imprisoned, and degraded.  Even though my heart is aching from sorrow, I don’t regret those 29 years that were taken away from me.  I acted, as my honor as a Pole, and as a soldier dictated.  I am proud of it." (DoomedSoldiers.com, 'Gregg71', 2007) Andrej's mentality wass one echoed by thousands of Poles, even Pilecki himself. Through genocide, through war, through occupation, the Polish people endured. It is a sight to behold such a small nation persevere through such hardship, and hopefully this is the last time such a maelstrom of tragedies ever befalls a country. 

 "We died for our freedom"

-Andrzej Kiszka 

What did the allies do about this, both during and after the war? The British trained Polish commandos, harbored the government in exile, and declared war on Germany when they were invaded, so the allies must have condemned such an attack on a people and demanded retribution, correct? Even Germany helped Polish prosecutors to procure documents after the fall of the USSR. Cizek notes, "[A]ccess was granted to twenty-six volumes of archival documents, containing 400 documents each...which [were] captured by the Germans in 1941." Old enemies were able to put aside their differences to try and dispense justice, so therefore the allies must have done enough to punish the Soviets, right?  The sad reality is too little was done and far, far too late. Britain and France did not send any aid to Poland after the German/Soviet invasion, and were far too concerned with the well-being of themselves to see the bigger picture of a global conflict. While it is true that Churchill absolutely despised Communism, Stalin, and the USSR, they still entered into an alliance with a nation that violated not only Polish sovereignty, but occupied Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian soil under the guise of protection. The most damning evidence of the allies' refusal to act comes from the post-war period, where the allies allowed the USSR to serve as a major power in the United Nations. Politically, it was smart. Tensions with the Soviets were high and to deny them power in post-war Europe could have reignited conflict and disrupt the peace everyone had worked so hard to earn. Yet, was it moral? If the U.N. had held put the Soviets on trial, what would have happened? Is making a deal with the devil worth it if in the end it means peace? Is it truly peace if it comes at the cost of thousands of innocent lives?  The answer to these is quite outside the scope of this paper, but what is known is Britain's interaction with the aforementioned Witold Pilecki. Witold tried to send them a report of his findings  to the British in a desperate bid for aide. The entire report can be read on Archive.org, and features quite vivid and brutal descriptions of the Holocaust and the operations of the Aushwitz-Birkeneau camp. After reading the report, the British disregarded it as "over-exaggerated" and was discarded. This gross incompetence should help one to come to a decision whether or not the Allies did enough to help Poland.

In the end, what does this all mean? Most of the perpetrators of these crimes are long dead, so why should we hold them responsible if they can't be punished? The answer is simple. Hitler and the Nazi party were tried for their crimes against humanity at Nuremburg, and the judicial ruling made there formed the basis for trial of international war crime laws under the newly formed United Nations. The USSR's failure to admit to their own crimes (and, to a lesser extent, the other allied nations) calls into question the legitimacy of the U.N.'s court system. If anyone in power can get away with war crimes, what is the point of having a tribunal? If we can't hold ourselves accountable for our wrongdoings, are we any better than those we condemn for doing the same? The outright hypocrisy highlights the ultimately toothless nature of the United Nations, begging the question of whether or not it is just another League of Nations with a different name.  

Reflection

I'll be honest, this was one of the hardest essay's I've ever had to write. Not necessarily because it was particularly difficult, but simply because the subject matter was so depressing. My grandfather was in the Netherlands during the war, and to think his 7 year-old self had to live in a place where things like this were happening at  is just heartbreaking. It's sad to know that sometimes justice is not received; that the "bad guys" win in the end. Yet, seeing the perseverance of the Poles was inspiring. Pilecki has been a personal hero of mine ever since I first heard about him, so it was an honor to research him and his comrades. The research aspect of this project was the most interesting to me I think. I enjoyed being able to access databases of info to support my claim. Designing the site was also nice, as I was able to create the exact mood and theme I wanted to portray in my writing. The background with the striking red and white text really embodies the perseverance of the Polish people I aspired to show. It was an honor to be able to write about these fallen heroes, and tell their story so that their bravery may not be forgotten.

Background by MikaelAngelos on Deviantart.com

References

Cisek, J. (2012). Post-1991 katyn investigations in poland. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44(3), 591-603. Retrieved from https://login.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=83517524&site=eds-live

Mukhina, I. (2006). New revelations from the former soviet archives: The kremlin, the warsaw uprising, and the coming of the cold war. Cold War History, 6(3), 397-411. 10.1080/14682740600795584 Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=21782150&site=ehost-live

Sterio, M. (2012). Katyn forest massacre: Of genocide, state lies, and secrecy. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44(3), 615-631. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=83517526&site=ehost-live

Szleszkowski, L., Thannhouser, A., Szwagrzyk, K., & Jurek, T. (2015). The possibility of establishing causes of death on the basis of the exhumed remains of prisoners executed during the communist regime in poland: The exhumations at powazki military cemetery in warsaw. International Journal of Legal Medicine, 129(4), 801-806. 10.1007/s00414-014-1084-z Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=103342142&site=ehost-live

Szleszkowski, L., Thannhouser, A., Szwagrzyk, K., Kawecki, J., & Jurek, T. (2014). Gunshot wounds (resulting from execution) of exhumed victims of the communist regime in poland. Legal Medicine, 16(4), 201-207. 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.009 Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=96439757&site=ehost-live

Szleszkowski, L., Thannhouser, A., Szwagrzyk, K., Konczewski, P., Kawecki, J., & Swiatek, B. (2014). Exhumation research concerning the victims of political repressions in 1945-1956 in poland: A new direction in forensic medicine. Forensic Science International, 235, 103.e6. 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.12.001 Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=93915925&site=ehost-live

Szonert-Binienda, M. (2012). Was katyn a genocide? Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 44(3), 633-717. Retrieved from https://login.proxy.lib.fsu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=lft&AN=83517527&site=eds-live

National Archives. “Records Relating to the Katyn Forest Massacre at the National Archives.”National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration, 15 Aug. 2016, www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/katyn-massacre.

Sabaton. “Inmate 4859.” Heroes, Falun, Sweden .

Background: MikaelAngelos. “Warsaw Uprising.” Deviantart, Deviantart, 13 Nov. 2014, mikaelangelos.deviantart.com/art/Warsaw-Uprising-494235745.

Pilecki, Witold. “WITOLD'S REPORT : Witold Pilecki : Free Download & Streaming.” Internet Archive, 1 Jan. 1970, archive.org/details/WITOLDREPORT.

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